Có 20+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "luận án kinh tế"
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Phương hướng và biện pháp thúc đẩy xuất khẩu chè của Việt Nam trong thời gian tới. Qua một số năm gần đây cho thấy xuất khẩu chè ở nước ta cũng gặp một số khó khăn vẫn. Vấn đế đặt ra ở đây là phải có những biện pháp để thúc đẩy xuất khẩu chè ở nước ta. Chương...
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*More than 150,000 articles in the search database. This is a searchable file which reproduces, almost perfectly, the whole of the fourth edition of Ludwig von Mises’s masterpiece Human Action. Thereafter, you can either click on the “Find Again” button that appears or press “Alt F.” In this way, you could locate each and every instance of the word “praxeology,”...
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Or we may say: Action is will put into operation and transformed into an agency, is aiming at ends and goals, is the ego’s meaningful response to stimuli and to the conditions of its environment, is a person’s conscious adjustment to the state of the universe that determines his life. Conscious or purposeful behavior is in sharp contrast to unconscious...
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T HERE are two main branches of the sciences of human action: praxeol- ogy and history. It scrutinizes the ideas guiding acting men and the outcome of the actions performed. Its scope is human action as such, irrespective of all environmental, accidental, and individual circumstances of the concrete acts. Its cognition is purely formal and general without reference to the...
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The right-wing Hegelians interpreted it as an endorsement of the Prussian system of auto- cratic government and of the dogmas of the Prussian Church. They were fully aware of the limitations imposed upon the human mind. They cannot be taxed with responsibility for the crudities of the philosophy of Haeckel and the simplism of the various materialist schools.. It would...
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A means is what serves to the attainment of any end, goal, or aim. Means are not in the given universe. A thing becomes a means when human reason plans to employ it for the attainment of some end and human action really employs it for this purpose. It is of primary importance to realize that parts of the external...
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The concepts of change and of time are inseparably linked together.. Action aims at change and is therefore in the temporal order. He cannot be neutral with regard to the lapse of time.. We may say as well that they are synchronous or that they are out of time. Man’s inability to accomplish this makes thinking itself an action, proceeding...
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T HE uncertainty of the future is already implied in the very notion of action. We may assume that the outcome of all events and changes is uniquely determined by eternal unchangeable laws governing becoming and devel- opment in the whole universe. They may be right or wrong from the point of view of the prime mover or the cause...
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From the point of view of the natural sciences the various events which result in satisfying human needs appear as very different. Acting man sees in these events only a more or a less of the same kind. Quantity and quality are categories of the external world. Because means of the same quantity and quality are apt always to produce...
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The total complex of the mutual relations created by such concerted actions is called society. The social or societal element is a certain orientation of the actions of individual men. Theology and the metaphysics of history may discuss the ends of society and the designs which God wants to realize with regard to society in the same way in which...
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It is always the individual who thinks. Language is a tool of thinking as it is a tool of social action.. The thinking of later ages grows out of the thinking of earlier ages. The continuity of human evolution, sowing for the off- spring and harvesting on land cleared and tilled by the ancestors, manifests itself also in the history...
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Autistic Exchange and Interpersonal Exchange. The exchange relation is the fundamental social relation. Interpersonal exchange of goods and services weaves the bond which unites men into society. Where there is no intentional mutuality, where an action is performed without any design of being benefitted by a concomitant action of other men, there is no interpersonal exchange, but autistic exchange. Conscious...
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Economic Calculation. The Gradation of the Means. Other things being equal, he assigns to the total amount of the various means the same value he attaches to the end which they are fit to bring about.. For the moment we may disregard the time needed for production of the end and its influence upon the relation between the value of...
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Such expectations are reasonable if the prices concerned were the result of the interaction of many people ready to buy or to sell provided the exchange ratios seemed propitious to them and if the market situation was not influenced by conditions which are considered as accidental, extraordinary, and not likely to return. The prices of the past are for him...
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MONETARY CALCULATION AS A TOOL OF ACTION 1. Monetary Calculation as a Method of Thinking. It is the compass of the man embarking upon production. Every single step of entrepreneurial activities is subject to scrutiny by monetary calculation. The retrospective establishment of the outcome of past action be- comes accounting of profit and loss.. It can operate only in an...
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Catallactics Or Economics Of The Market Society. The intricacy of a precise definition of the scope of economics does not stem from uncertainty with regard to the orbit of the phenomena to be investigated. It is due to the fact that the attempts to elucidate the phenomena concerned must go beyond the range of the market and of market transactions....
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The Characteristics of the Market Economy. T HE market economy is the social system of the division of labor under private ownership of the means of production. There is in the operation of the market no compulsion and coercion.. The market is the focal point to which the activities of the individuals converge. It is the center from which the...
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speculation is the driving force of the market as it is the driving force of production.. It is, to be sure, not a design for comprehension of the pricing process. The price quotations may refer to various qualities of the article concerned. be precisely established by technological analysis, it is a serious blunder to disregard differences in the quality of...
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The theory of money was and is always the theory of indirect exchange and of the medial of exchange. There is first of all the spurious idea of the supposed neutrality of money. It is a part of the general theory of praxeology.. the average velocity of circulation of the monetary units. It is essentially nothing but a mathematical expression...
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Between the tilling of the soil and the ripening of the fruit there passes a considerable period of time. Another example is the improvement of the quality of wine by aging. The increment in want-satisfaction which the attainment of the end brings about is temporally limited. Hence acting man must always take into account the period of production and the...