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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 61

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the present ⫺ see the discussion of the ‘Special Present Time-sphere System’ in we cannot use a nonprogressive present tense form to locate a single durative dynamic situation at t 0. (b) The present tense represents the situation time as coinciding with t 0 . (c) It follows from (a) and (b) that the situation time of a present tense...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 62

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(As shown in 8.24, the absolute tense is not compatible with the W-reading ‘situation time after t 0. whereas the relative tense is: He said he would do it when he had time, which is tomorrow. A second point in favour of treating the relative past tense as a tense in its own right is that it has a temporal...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 63

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The principle of unmarked temporal interpretation. It follows that such a shift of domain is only pragmatically acceptable if the temporal order of the situations is either irrelevant or recoverable in some other way, e. from the use of time adverbials, from the order in which the situations are reported, from the linguistic context, from pragmatic knowledge (i. the extralinguistic...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 64

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time of the full situation vs situation time. time of the predicated situation), only the latter of which is located in time by the tense form used. the use of absolute tenses to locate a situation time in any of the four absolute zones (i. portions of the time line defined relative to t 0. either in the past zone...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 65

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Temporal subordination in a past time-sphere domain 444. The expression of T-anteriority in a past domain 444. 9.1 The past perfect 444. The expression of T-simultaneity in a past domain 448. 9.3 The relative past tense 448. The expression of T-posteriority in a past domain 450. 9.6 The past versions of futurish forms 451. The T-relation expressed by the conditional...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 66

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The expression of T-simultaneity in a past domain 9.3 The relative past tense. T-simultaneity in a past domain is expressed by means of the relative past tense, irre- spective of whether the binding time is the central orientation time or another orienta- tion time in that past domain.. 9.3.1 In order to represent a situation time as T-simultaneous with an...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 67

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9.6.5 Parallel to the use of the present tense of be to for official arrangements regarding the future (see 7.15), the past tense of be to can be used to refer to a past official arrangement concerning the actualization of a posterior situation:. [There were a lot of plainclothes policemen in the hotel] where the conference was to take place.....

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 68

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present temporal domain whose central orientation time is the situation time of a present perfect tense form in a clause receiving an indefinite interpretation. Has he ever promised that he would help you? (T-posteriority). In the past two years I’ve been told at least a dozen times that he would soon have left [but he is still here]. When have...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 69

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the situation time of the subclause and the situation time of the head clause:. the situation time of the subclause is directly related to t 0 . 9.9.9 When the head clause contains just , the situation referred to is automat- ically recent. Because of this, temporal subordination is less likely in the sub- clause. because he wants the subclause...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 70

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“We’ve gone back and forth on this and]. “But at the end of the day, I looked at the overall perspective and all the consolidations that are going on. [“Prime Minister, you’ve been arguing against these cuts for many months now.. “I guess I came to the conclusion a week or so ago after a lot of thought and listening...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 71

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For a couple of days it’s been public knowledge that the general manager is going to Peru at the end of the month.. The fear has been that the introduction of the passes will further dissuade French film-goers from going to small cinemas. It was noted in 9.11.1 that a pre-present domain established by a ‘continuative perfect’ cannot normally be...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 72

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forms express T-posteriority to the central orientation time or to another pseudo-t 0 and therefore function as pseudo-t 0 ’s themselves.. (The present tense T-locates the situation of making a mistake simultaneous with the situation of telling. The present tense is used because the situation time of will tell is treated as a pseudo-t 0. (The future tense of will...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 73

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the fact that the two situations do not really overlap but concentrates on the fact that they follow each other closely and that there is some logical relation between them. The use of a tense form whose basic function is the expression of T-simultaneity then means that the speaker treats the two situations as be- longing to the same ‘occasion’...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 74

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[John will no longer be there at six because] he will have left at five.. By then John will already have left. In the same way as left in John left at five establishes a past domain, will have left in the second example creates a pseudo-past subdomain in a post-present domain. And in the same way as has left...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 75

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The use of the past perfect in (4a ⫺ b) versus the use of the present perfect in (5a ⫺ b) is accompanied by further differences between the two types of sen- tences. To begin with, in (4a ⫺ b) the head clause in the future tense is each time positive while the relative clause in the past perfect is...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 76

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(10b) [She was determined to buy the house.] The moment she had seen it she had fallen in love with it. only indirect binding is possible on the intended interpretation.). (11b) What we hoped was that the next day we would be freed by the police, who { would have been. had been } notified by then. (Only indirect binding...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 77

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9.31.2 If the pre-present domain is established by an up-to-now perfect (which is the case when the situation time fills the entire pre-present but does not include t 0. The former possibility can only occur when the speaker can discern enough ‘pastness’ in the up-to-now situation expressed in the head clause to expand the pre-present domain as if it were...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 78

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unspecified orientation time which is T-anterior to the central orientation time of the post-present domain. 10.1.2 An absolute-relative tense differs from a purely absolute one in that it relates its situation time to an orientation time in a post-present domain and not to t 0 . It therefore fails to make explicit the temporal W-relation that holds between the situation...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 79

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the distribution of the two systems). In a complex sentence with an Absolute Future System form in the head clause, we sometimes find the Absolute Future System in the subclause and sometimes the Pseudo-t 0 -System. When a subclause uses the Absolute Future System (as in I will join you, whereas Tom will stay at home. the temporal relation between...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 80

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Two tense systems with post-present reference. tion presupposed at post-present basic orientation time’ may have a clear effect on the interpretation of the sentence. (We will return to this in 10.6.8 below.). Of the two systems, only the Pseudo-t 0 -System can be used to suggest that the contents of the clause represent how the situation will be evaluated at...