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they explain the basis on which the speaker comes to the conclusion that the head clause proposition is true.. There must be someone in the house, because there is a light on on the second floor.. When the reference is to the post-present, the distribution of the Absolute Future System and the Pseudo-t 0 -System is as follows:. (a) Actualization-explaining...
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They do so because the head clause situation is dependent on the subclause situation, which means that the head clause must be interpreted within the possible world created by the if -clause. (The two clauses form part of the same. The use of the Pseudo-t 0 -System in open conditionals is not so much a logical requirement as something that...
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(8i) We won’t do it if it will upset him (if we do it). In (8a ⫺ f) there is a rather loose syntactic and semantic relation between the two clauses. 13 The subclause has a large measure of syntactic independence and is not integrated into the head clause semantically, as the latter can be fully interpreted without reference to...
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Tense choice determined by temporal focus. The word ‘definite’ in the comment to the last example may mean either ‘ ref - erential ’ or ‘ attributive ’ in Donnellan’s (1966) sense. That is, it is not neces- sary that the time of opening the bottle is definite in the sense that the speaker knows (and assumes the hearer to...
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11.3 The manipulation of temporal focus for a specific purpose. A shift of temporal focus from the present to the past can result in an implicature of nonapplicability at t 0 . For example, when the verb form used expresses posteriority, a shift of temporal focus to the past suggests that what was foreseen at some past time is no...
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clauses with temporal adverbials. Relevant classes of temporal adverbials 591. 12.1 Deictic vs nondeictic time-specifying adverbials 591 12.2 Single-zone adverbials, multi-zone adverbials and zone-independent. 12.3 Homogeneous vs heterogeneous time-specifying adverbials 594 12.4 (Non)inclusive heterogeneous time-specifying adverbials 595. Temporal adverbials and the choice between past tense and present perfect 596. 12.5 Nondeictic adverbials 596. 12.6 Past-zone adverbials 598. 12.7 Noninclusive heterogeneous...
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12.4 (Non)inclusive heterogeneous time-specifying adverbials. 12.4.1 Within the class of heterogeneous time-specifying adverbials, which can only indicate a period as a whole, there is a formal distinction between prepositional phrases introduced by within or in (in the sense of within ) and other adverbials. I have been working very hard. *I have been working very hard { in / within...
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[There is, however, another factor which weighed perhaps more heavily with the Government’s decision to introduce some form of control.] In the past the Govern- ments of both India and Pakistan voluntarily agreed to maintain strict control over emigration to Britain. [In the meantime, the peasant derives many benefits from the management of the economy. he is to a certain...
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[Prior to that I did very little exercise.] Since I have begun exercising I have also tried to change my diet by cutting down on carbohydrates. The following are examples with other verbs marking the beginning of a period up to now:. (www) [I just have to put up with all the humiliations that fall on my head in this...
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12.13 Until -adverbials. 12.13.1 Prepositional phrases and adverbial clauses introduced by until (or up to, till, up till ) can be used as pure duration adverbials (specifying the duration of the full situation). I {had worked / worked / would work / have worked / will work / will have worked} until three in the morning.. 12.13.2 The combination not...
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12.16.2 With actualization adverbials implying a period up to t 0 , Am. often uses the past tense, especially in spoken language. too, the past tense is sometimes used with always, ever, and (less frequently) with never. uses I’ve already done that instead.) 5 I (have) always said he was not to be trusted.. 12.17 Tense choice with adverbials indicating...
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I {stayed / *have stayed} with the body until the police came. [I know what it means to be in the army.] I {served / *have served} during the Falklands war. 12.20.3 Noninclusive heterogeneous pre-present-zone adverbials normally combine with the present perfect only:. (continuative reading) At least a dozen accidents have happened here over the past four years . (indefinite...
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13.1 Delineation of the subject. Adverbial when -clauses specify an Adv-time. In the same way as what he wanted means ‘that which he wanted’, when he came means ‘then when he came’, which is equivalent to ‘at the time at which he came’.. ‘Narrative’ when -clauses, which do not specify the time of the head clause situation but ‘push forward’...
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when - clause. As we will see in 13.11, the interval of time referred to as ‘Adv- time of the head clause’ will normally be interpreted as the same interval as that referred to as ‘Adv-time of the when -clause’. In (2b), the common Adv-time is the time interval lexicalized by the antecedent ( a time ) of the relative...
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(This example shows that it is sometimes irrelevant whether the speaker uses a when-clause including a second time-specifying adverbial or a time- specifying adverbial accompanied by a when-clause as second time-specifying adver- bial. In the latter case the situation time of the when - clause is contained in the first time-specifying adverbial rather than the other way round.). When a...
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and because, when the situation time of the head clause is T-anterior to the contained orientation time of the head clause, it is often more natural to use by the time that than to use when . Another thing worth noting is that in configurations 1 ⫺ 3, the when -clause is used as a situation-time adverbial. In configurations 4...
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Figure 13.13. Figure 13.10 by using an absolute past tense form in the head clause instead of a past perfect. What renders the use of an absolute past tense form in the head clause accept- able is the fact that for pragmatic reasons the situation time of the head clause can only be interpreted as W-simultaneous with the situation time...
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Adverbial when-clauses and the use of tenses. clauses no longer refer to time at all but describe the case(s) in which the statement made in the head clause is true:. Atemporal when -clauses like these are sometimes called ‘ restrictive when- clauses ’ because they restrict the cases in which the head-clause statement is true. In the above examples, the...
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Adverbial when-clauses and the use of tenses. When-clause and head clause referring to different times. A clause obviously uses an absolute tense form if it locates its situation time in a different time-sphere from the head clause.. 13.18 Head clause referring to the past and when -clause referring to the present. This kind of ‘mismatch’ of time-spheres is not normally...
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This chapter deals with the use of tenses in sen- tences consisting of a head clause and an adver- bial time clause if the latter is introduced by be- fore or after . Until -clauses are also included in the discussion.. We begin by explaining the temporal structure of before , which is interpreted as ‘before the time at which’....