Có 60+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "nghiên cứu triết học"
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thinking about past events we change ourselves, so that our situation and the problems it presents are now import- antly different from those of the past. As a philosopher, Hegel inclined to aloof objectivity, to detached observation of the conflicts of the past and the fates of the opposing, but interdependent, parties—fac- tions, states, religions, philosophies, and so on. (Conflict,...
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The name of Hermes, the messenger of the Greek gods, gave rise to herme¯neuein, ‘to interpret’, and herme¯neutike (techne. Friedrich Schleiermacher the great Protestant theologian and Plato scholar, gave in lectures, from 1819 on, a systematic theory of the interpretation of texts and speech. ‘understand the text at first as well as and then even better than its author’: ‘Since...
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Thus speculative theorists have sought to answer substantive questions dealing with such matters as the significance or possible purpose of the his- torical process and the factors fundamentally responsible for historical development and change. In doing so, they have been inspired by the conviction that history raises issues which transcend the mostly limited concerns of the ordinary working historian and...
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more wonderful and more terrible than anything else in the universe—the power to make themselves and the world around them. The metaphor of the horizon has first proved useful in phenomenological the- ory of perception (Husserl, Merleau-Ponty). Successful *interpretation is conceived as a dia- logue between interpreter and text, reaching a new under- standing of the subject-matter in a ‘fusion...
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The transcendental ego or ‘transcendental subjectivity’ cannot itself be bracketed, any more than Cartesian doubt can extend to the existence of the doubter. (It is a mistake to suppose that Husserl’s *idealism can only be avoided if we reject the methodological use of epoche. The Hague, 1960) Husserl tried to relieve phenomenology of the charge that it entails solip- sism...
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What is the structure of ideological explanations of beliefs and values? Is there a credible theory of the social psychological mechanisms by which social interests or symbolic needs shape individuals’ beliefs and values in the unacknowledged ways that are presupposed when ideolo- gies are claimed to have a functional role?. Finally, what does normative use of the concept of ideology...
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The flux theory of the Buddhists: the cause perishes before the effect arises.. khya: the effect slumbers in the material cause, with which it is sub- stantially identical.. (E2) If the pot was already there in the clay, the potter’s effort must have been in vain, unless it is said to produce something non-pre-existent, namely the pot’s structure. and not...
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Hersch Lauterpacht, ‘The Definition and Nature of International Law and its Place in Jurisprudence’, in his Collected Works, i (Cambridge, 1970).. In the absence of a global authority that might serve as the source of the required rules, they are derived instead from the tacit or explicit consent of existing states—hence from customs, treaties, and conventions—or from some version of...
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his acclaimed pupil Molla¯ S.adra¯, and other members of the School of Isfahan. Logic is sep- arated and discussed in independent works which include the subject-matter of the traditional Isagoge, exclude the Categories and the Poetics, and are divided into three parts:. Among the philosophical problems extensively discussed, and reformulated and refined by Molla¯ S.adra¯, the following stands out: the...
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Using relatively simple mathematical and logical machinery, he developed materials from Thomas Bayes, Frank Ramsey, and others into what amounts to a version of the ancient Sceptic Sextus Empiricus’ dream of solving practical and theoretical problems by appeal to one’s own desires, preferences, and subjective impres- sions, without assuming any objective knowledge. Much of his work was pioneering and influential,...
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The second part of the third Critique is concerned with teleological judgement, particularly its role in biology. It also includes a lengthy appendix, however, in which Kant articulates his views on the relationship between tele- ology, theology, and morality and sketches his philosophy of history, together with his views on culture and its rela- tion to the moral development of...
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Bishop and theologian of the Unitas Fratrum (Moravian Brethren), exiled in the period of Counter-Reformation. So con- ceived, his philosophy aimed at a grandiose reform of peda- gogy in the spirit of modern didactic realism. The reigning theme of Korean phil- osophy is irenic fusionism, as evidenced by the way of the flow of wind (poong-ryu-do) that is the substratum...
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Smith, ‘Understanding Language’, Proceedings of the Aris- totelian Society (1992).. language, problems of the philosophy of. It is evident that these relationships are intimately connected to the very meaning of the words involved (either being determined by that meaning, or perhaps themselves playing an important role in fixing it). Logic studies the nature of these inferences, and a common elem-...
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*law, history of the philosophy of. feminist philosophy of law. law, problems of the philosophy of. without an understanding of the ways law’s characteristic features themselves (even when being unjustly manipu- lated) manifest a critical evaluation of, and value-affirming constructive response to, the sorts of injustice or other lesion of human good which are inherent in lawlessness?. Using the conventional...
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the clarity of the relevant perceptions of the apparent causal agent, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the clarity of the relevant perceptions of the entity appar- ently acted upon.. In the following passage from another letter to de Volder, Leibniz formulated the distinction between actual and ideal entities:. Actual things are composed in the manner that a number is...
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Another version of the question focuses not on our indi- vidual lives but on the whole scheme of things: what is the point of it all? An implication of this, in the spirit if not in the letter, seems to be that without some overall purpose in things all our own projects are somehow worthless or doomed to frustration. how,...
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The more influential authors include Cicero, Porphyry, and Boethius in the later Roman Empire. and al- Fa¯ra¯bı¯, Avicenna, and Averroës in the Arab world.. The next major logician known to us is an innovator of the first rank: Peter Abelard, who worked in the early twelfth century. (*Rele- vance logic.) The failure of his criteria led later logicians to reject...
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–p), ‘It is not the case that both p and not p’. –Fx) ‘For any x, it is not the case that x is F and x is not F’. –p → p, ‘If not not p then p’, and p. –p, ‘If p then not not p’. Aristotle’s informal statements of the law of non-contradiction include: ‘For the same...
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In his comprehensive study of *causality, which draws extensively on historical sources, Mackie distinguishes an analysis of causation ‘as it is in the objects’ from an analy- sis of our ordinary concept of causation, offering a regu- larity analysis for the former, and a *counterfactual analysis for the latter, supplementing each with an account of the direction of causation. His...
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Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism (London, 1981).. It is, nevertheless, clear that Marx and his followers appropriated much of the philosophy of (at least) Aristotle, the *materialism of the *Enlightenment, and Hegelian dialectics. It is equally clear that when Marx talked of the abolition of philoso- phy, he meant that, in so...