Có 80+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "nghiên cứu triết học"
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
If mathematical objects exist independently of the mathematician, then there is no impediment to a straightforward model- theoretic semantics, which would presumably render assertions true or false objectively.. Each of the four possible positions is articulated and defended by established and influential philosophers of mathematics. Typical forms of realism-in-ontology nicely account for the necessity of mathematics and give impetus to...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
avicenna is the Latinized name by which the Persian Ibn Sina is known in the West. he was the most brilliant of the Islamic Aristotelians and a leading figure in the vigorous debate which accompanied the development of Islamic philosophy and theology in the fifth century after Muhammad.. thomas aquinas, born and educated in southern Italy, became the greatest teacher...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
One interesting recent contribution in a philosophical debate that goes back to Aristotle is Donald Davidson’s rejection of the idea that there is a special sort of *meaning which metaphors have, over and above the literal mean- ing. A cur- sory glance shows just how much of the language of mind is metaphorical in origin. In recent decades, philosophers have,...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
But he redesigned the liberal edifice built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For these he was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learned much of the historical sociology which was so important to his liberalism from Frenchmen. but it was to German romanticism, via his Coleridgean friends, that he owes his deepest ethical...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
body problem, encounters serious difficulties with the causal closure of the physical: if the physical domain is. Wittgenstein asked: ‘What makes my image of him into an image of him?’ Many mental states, including thoughts, beliefs, and desires, are ‘intentional’ in Brentano’s sense—that is, they are ‘about’ or ‘directed upon’ an object. Moreover, we seem to be able to have...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
What then was seriously, genuinely prob- lematic? Moore’s answer—hugely influential for most of the twentieth century—was: the analysis of propositions.. He held that the analysis of these must always bring in the very puzzling items he called. *‘sense-data’—the proposition is really about a sense- datum that one has, and the problem is how in the analy- sis the relation between...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Subjectivists, by contrast, deflated ethics by treating moral and evaluative claims as mere descriptions of the emotions or preferences of speak- ers—‘this is good’ being equivalent in meaning to ‘I like (or prefer) this’. Given the apparent wide- spread disagreement about ethical (and other) values that has existed between different societies and different epochs of the same society, there is...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
‘natural’ or ‘naturalistic’ in philosophy. Roughly it refers to what cannot be studied by the methods of the natural sciences, or defined in terms appropriate to them, and is applied to subject-matters that are essentially abstract, or outside space and time. A formula representing one of the premisses of a deduction can be introduced at any stage. The use of...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, tr. Richard Rorty, ‘The World Well Lost’, in Consequences of Pragma- tism (Essays Minneapolis, 1982).. The letter urges Catholic philosophers to demonstrate the existence and attributes of *God and to combat the speculative and practical errors of modern philosophy by reappropriating the teachings of the major Christian writers from the European Middle Ages....
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Central to Nishida’s thinking are the ideas of the ‘topos of nothingness’ and of the world as the ‘self-identity of absolute contradictories’. Deeply influenced by such Western figures as Meister Eckhart, Dostoevsky, Niet- zsche, and Heidegger, and yet firmly rooted in the Chinese and Japanese *Zen traditions, Nishitani was the major figure of the ‘second generation’ Kyoto School and a...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
A line of argument which appears to appeal to no contingent fact at all, but only to an analysis of the concept of God. Sometimes an intermediate step is the argu- ment that if it is possible for this concept to be instantiated then it is instantiated, and this concept is obviously possible.. As a corollary it is often held...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
His response to those troubled by paradox may be like that of the psych- iatrist easing a patient’s distress not by answering his ques- tions, but by changing his attitude towards them.. This conflict over the very identity and nature of the conflict illustrates how, in a paradox case, we may encounter considerable difficulty in achieving agreement about the correct...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
One important issue about the performing arts con- cerns the matter of the authenticity of performances, usu- ally construed as something more than mere correctness, and covering matters such as conformity to the intentions of artists, to antecedent performing traditions, or to the historical contexts of creation of works. Paul Thom, For an Audience: A Philosophy of the Performing Arts...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
As with the theory of reference, a monolithic approach to truth, despite its attractive simplicity, may not be capable of doing justice to all applications of the notion. Again, the performative theory, while attractive as an account of the use of a sentence like ‘That’s true!’ uttered in response to another’s assertion, has trouble in accounting for the use of...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche rejected the rational optimism of the Enlightenment, respectively accepting and glorifying the will and preparing the way for all kinds of anti-rational excess in belief and practice.. Psychiatry turned from Freud’s sombre recognition of the dependence of civiliza- tion on the control of instinct to ecstatic doctrines of the total liberation of impulse. English- speaking analytic philosophers,...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Both are prima facie morally wrong, but the more difficult question is the aesthetic one: Is there any- thing prima facie aesthetically wrong with either (or both)? Some have argued for a Yes answer on the basis of the role that knowledge of authorship plays in aesthetic perception and discrimination, while others have argued for a No answer on the...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
Wolen´ski, Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov–Warsaw School (Dor- drecht, 1989).. On this view, there are only moral duties, which sometimes require individuals to obey, sometimes to disobey, the laws of the state, some- times to serve, sometimes to refuse to serve, the interests of the community. Some of the actions that follow from such obligations would still be morally...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
It began with Socrates’ attacks, through the mouth of Plato, on the calculating amorality of his Sophist contemporaries, permeated Aristotle’s Ethics, and became the main substance of philosophy in the long epoch from the reign of Alexander the Great to the fall of the Roman Empire. But, especially in the Roman period, in Epictetus, Seneca, and others, the ethical element...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
But Dewey regarded this reworking as a social and communal process proceeding in the light of values that are not (as with Peirce) connected specifically to science (viz. prediction and experimental control), but rather values that are more broadly rooted in the psychic disposi- tion of ordinary people at large—the moral and aesthetic dimension now being specifically included. Bradley objected...
tailieu.vn Xem trực tuyến Tải xuống
(3) The word is some- times used in the German manner as a noun, for a set of problems or a way of seeing problems. Whitehead made much use of the notion of a process, and ‘process theology’ grew out of his work. On the whole, however, modern metaphysics has rather dropped the notion of a process in favour of...