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the right to enforce the morality prevailing within it, irre- spective of the critical soundness of that morality, for the sake of preserving social cohesion. Contemporary defenders of morals legislation typically eschew Devlin’s approach in favour of the traditional jus- tification of morals legislation under which its primary purpose is not social cohesion per se, but, rather, the pro- tection...
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British philosopher, based in Oxford and member of the House of Lords, who has writ- ten on political philosophy, ethics and metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and a variety of historical figures. We humans belong to the species Homo sapiens. Early biologists of the modern era, notably the French naturalist Buffon, assumed that this is true of humans, and they...
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Realism 3: There are tokens independent of the mental in that they might have existed and have been of their respect- ive types even had there been nothing mental.. Realism 4: The world of common-sense reality exists as it is thought to exist by at least the main lines of common sense, and this it does largely independently of the...
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of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not.’. We need only ask whether the claim that ‘X is true for me’ is itself merely true for me (and so on) to realize that what merit there may have been in the original relativization attached not to the truth-predicate, but to something in the...
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and the ‘fine tuning’ witnessed to by recent cosmology has ini- tiated a new phase in the dialogue between science and religion.. Finally, the theories of *meaning on which philosoph- ical scepticism in the mid-twentieth century heavily relied have been displaced by more complex accounts. religion, history of the philosophy of. religion, prob- lems of the philosophy of.. For example:...
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There are five main elements here: first, the subject (A) of the right, the right-holder. second, the nature of the right. third, the object (X) of the right. fourth, the respondent (B) of the right, the duty-bearer. fifth, the justifying ground (Y) of the right.. First, although rights are correla- tive with duties, rights are not redundant because their objects...
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work of the émigrés, the emergence of Russian post- modernism, and attempts to blend analytic philosophy with phenomenology and hermeneutics. 1930), the journal negoti- ated the collapse of the old order to become a forum for many new developments and for the introduction of hitherto neglected fields, such as bioethics and philosophy of ecology. As well as spotlighting the work...
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it is our acting, which lies at the bottom of the language game’ (para. These certainties are man- ifested in the ways in which we react to evidence and to hypotheses, in our activities and our instinctive responses to the world. They are not expressed in conscious assent to propositions or in the search for evidence to support them. When...
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‘For us physi- cists’, wrote Einstein, almost repeating Parmenides, ‘the distinction between past, present and future has no other meaning than that of an illusion, though a tenacious one.’. With the exception of phys- icians like Alcmaeon of Croton, who wrote a medical textbook and who lived, probably, in the early fifth cen- tury bc , they became professionals only...
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emphasis he places on *consciousness as an intrinsic fea- ture of the mind, put him at odds with behaviouristic, functional, and other materialistic theories of mind. The Rediscovery of the Mind (Cambridge, Mass., 1992).. In his later writings, Wittgenstein showed an interest in the phenomenon to which the Gestalt psycholo- gists had drawn attention, of seeing (or hearing, or. More...
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In that case, to take something as a sign of something else is to use it to infer the presence of the other thing. This is the use of nat- ural signs, but we can of course invent signs or signals: in heraldry specified emblems indicate the identity of the person wearing them. With symbols we enter a different domain...
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This explores the social causes of the formation and diffusion of beliefs. Socrates is one of the most significant yet most enig- matic figures in the history of philosophy: significant because his relation to Plato was crucial to the develop- ment of the latter, and thus indirectly to the development. Assuming the truth of the generally (though not universally) accepted...
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After certain initial moves Spinoza proves propos- ition 5, ‘In the universe there cannot be two or more sub- stances of the same nature or attribute’, by considering what could possibly distinguish two such substances. In the case of that which could only exist as the modification of something else, the case is different, for the conception of it may...
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In ‘Every dog has its day’ the phrase ‘every dog’. Subjective truth is a commitment to believe, in the face of ‘objective uncertainty’, in matters which cannot be demonstrated or verified, such as the existence of God. Revolting against Jean-Paul Sartre, who followed Descartes in insisting that free subjectivity (as *‘consciousness’) was the ontological essence of being human, such thinkers...
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Most recently, he has produced a major volume on modernity (Sources of the Self), in which the self is conceived as consti- tuted by a relation to the good. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).. and agency is outside the scope of the claim that all events are caused.. This approach to the conundrum of *free will,...
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By this account the future lacks the reality of the past and present, and indeed reality is continually being added to as time passes. The objection mentioned earlier is not difficult to overcome, since even the theory of relativity acknowledges that some events are past and others future, no matter which frame of reference is selected, and these may be...
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Silverstein, ‘The Two-envelope Paradox Resolved’, Analysis (1995).. Allen Hazen, ‘Predicative Logics’, in D. Nevertheless, art can make use of the ugly. Deeply concerned about the meaning of life and death, which inspired all his writings, and dissatisfied by the scep- tical answers of science and reason as regards eternal life, Unamuno argued for an existential attitude—the ‘tragic sense of life’—consisting...
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it is controversial whether this relation too can be vague. (If we expli- cate this occurrence of ‘true’ in pragmatist terms, we fall into an infinite regress: ‘We should act as if we should act as if, etc. are true under any alternative interpretation of the non- logical words.. He reduced logic to a tool of rhetoric and held that...
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Ethical voluntarism is the view that whether an act qualifies as right or wrong depends primarily upon how the act is willed and that the consequences of one’s act are judged good or bad primarily in accord with the goodness or bad- ness of the will which produces the act. A survey of the three volumes of his Philosophical Papers...
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language, philosophy of logic, philosophical psychology, philosophy of mathematics, and the clarification of the nature and limits of philosophy itself. The substance of all possible worlds consists of the totality of sempiternal simple objects (e.g.. In this their nature reflects the nature of what they represent, since it is of the essence of a state of affairs that it either...