Có 220+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "tiểu luận triết học"
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Yet, as Thomas Reid put it, ‘reason’s light’ and the senses’ corollary dimness ‘both came out of the same shop’, so each is likely to be as faulty—or effective—. There are, Blanshard said, genuine ‘necessary con- nections’ in the world. A naturalist in religion too, he took ‘the service of reason’ as his religion. ‘That service calls for the use...
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which appeared in 1978, inspired a considerable amount of work on the question whether vagueness was simply a feature of language or knowledge or also of the world itself. (a) The work of Bernard Williams, Alasdair Mac- Intyre (based in the USA since 1972), and Derek Parfit has highlighted the central place of the self, and ideas of the self,...
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An argument of the calculus is defined to be valid just in case in any interpretation in which all the premisses are true, the conclusion is also true. A principal founder of Protest- antism, his main theological doctrine is absolute predestin- ation, which entails the inevitability of the eternal salvation of the elect and the eternal damnation of the unchosen,...
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The art, which was particularly associated with priests exercising pastoral care, fell into disrepute partly because of the multiplication of fine distinctions that began to be made as ways were sought of so describing the act in ques- tion that it did not conflict with a law with which it could otherwise be seen plainly to be in conflict. This...
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By postulating the grammars that underlie linguistic behaviour, Chomsky can formulate generalizations which explain speakers’ lin- guistic judgements and use, including the gaps we find in the data.. Speakers move from an initial state of the language faculty, which they share, to an attained state, which they develop on exposure to the pri- mary linguistic data. The variety of human...
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Without answering these ques- tions, we may none the less make headway by sketching the rough location of common sense in the landscape of philosophical inquiry.. Moreover, in spite of the excitement of esoteric theory, philosophers have always hoped that their thinking had important connections with ordinary life, and theories that entirely flout common sense tend to forfeit such connections....
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In the *propositional calculus a conjunction (P· Q) is true if and only if each conjunct is true. *cognitive science aimed at producing biologically realis- tic models of the brain and of mental processing. and it is distributed, i.e. any individual connection participates in the storage of many different items of information.. A connective is truth-functional if the truth-value(s) of...
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The phrase ‘continental philoso- phy’ acquired its current meaning only after the Second World War when a process of increasing mutual exclu- sion of the English-speaking philosophical world and that of the continent of Europe, which had been going on since early in the century, was finally recognized to be as deep as it was. This unity survived the Renaissance...
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evidence suggests—the universe looks roughly the same in all directions from any point of view, then it must be either expanding or contracting. One might think Hubble’s observation suggests that the focal point of the universe’s expansion must be some- where near the earth, and therefore that the universe is not the same from any point of view. To avoid...
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For example, Leibniz’s law—the principle that if x = y then whatever is true of x is true of y—can fail when talking about beliefs and desires. Since such intensionality is plausibly essential to descriptions of belief and desires, how can we accommodate these states within a Quinean theory of the world?. (1970) he uses the irreducibility of the mental...
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Much of the contemporary work in deontic logic has been inspired by the deontic paradoxes, a collection of puzzle cases that have seemed to highlight deficiencies in the standard system. According to a version of the good Samaritan paradox, Smith’s repenting of a murder logic- ally implies his committing the murder, but his obliga- tion to repent does not imply...
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*fatalism—the attitude that it makes no difference what we do because the future is unaffected by our present. The best examples of *determin- ism, or the lack of it, are found in the theories of physics. At first glance, we might say that such a theory is determinis- tic whenever the state of a system at some initial time plus...
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The moral and intellectual privilege of the philosopher is a prominent theme in Spinoza (Ethics, proposition 41,. There are kinds of certainty (and indubitability) falling short of the absolute certainty criticized by sceptics. Similar arguments against the Cartesian use of the method of doubt are found in thinkers like Thomas Reid.. Descartes, Meditations, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, tr....
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somewhat immune.) Rousseau’s work can also be seen as the start of a pervasive interest in the details of child development in educational thought, even if the details of the work of such as Piaget and Kohlberg owe more to the category-based philosophical psychology of Kant than to Rousseau himself.. The ‘full meaning’ of studies is secured only when they...
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object, which could be inferred from the properties of the parts.. However, an emergentist view of mentality is still influential, and survives in the doctrine of non-reductive *physicalism, a leading position on the *mind–body problem, according to which psychological characteristics, although they occur only under appropriate physical–biological conditions, are irreducibly distinct from them. The ultimate coherence of the notion of...
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There he maintained that reason, in the service of the supreme value of bodily security, dictates obedience to an unlimited sovereign. All men are equally liable to death at the hands of others, so all have the same interest in the establishment of a supreme power that can protect them against it. Hobbes saw the civil war as the outcome...
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knowledge and intelligence in the individual. The first instance of such a philosophical theory, only partially successful, is to be found in the last chapter of Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics and is a response to an argument in Plato’s Meno that *learning and the acquisition of new knowledge is. It has been a major interest of many philosophers almost from the...
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Kant, for example, has been criticized for defining morality in terms of the formal feature of being a ‘universal law’, and then attempting to derive from this formal feature various con-. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, various edns., e.g. The two traditional branches of the theory of value. Ethics and aesthetics are thus connected, in that part...
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So although these practical undertakings manifest an existential concern with the world, Heidegger argues that they do not arise from the will if that is conceived in terms of the self-conscious adoption of a project. Thus Heidegger’s account of the existential structure of human life is basically worked out at an un- self-conscious level, which is also fundamental to the...
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The ethics of the family concerns, first, problems within a family, such as the extent to which children should be allowed to make their own decisions, and how far parents should be held responsible for their children’s behaviour, and secondly, problems about the family, such as what constitutes a family, and how far a family unit should be kept together...