Có 280+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "tiểu luận triết học"
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As with the theory of reference, a monolithic approach to truth, despite its attractive simplicity, may not be capable of doing justice to all applications of the notion. Again, the performative theory, while attractive as an account of the use of a sentence like ‘That’s true!’ uttered in response to another’s assertion, has trouble in accounting for the use of...
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Schopenhauer and Nietzsche rejected the rational optimism of the Enlightenment, respectively accepting and glorifying the will and preparing the way for all kinds of anti-rational excess in belief and practice.. Psychiatry turned from Freud’s sombre recognition of the dependence of civiliza- tion on the control of instinct to ecstatic doctrines of the total liberation of impulse. English- speaking analytic philosophers,...
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Both are prima facie morally wrong, but the more difficult question is the aesthetic one: Is there any- thing prima facie aesthetically wrong with either (or both)? Some have argued for a Yes answer on the basis of the role that knowledge of authorship plays in aesthetic perception and discrimination, while others have argued for a No answer on the...
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Wolen´ski, Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov–Warsaw School (Dor- drecht, 1989).. On this view, there are only moral duties, which sometimes require individuals to obey, sometimes to disobey, the laws of the state, some- times to serve, sometimes to refuse to serve, the interests of the community. Some of the actions that follow from such obligations would still be morally...
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It began with Socrates’ attacks, through the mouth of Plato, on the calculating amorality of his Sophist contemporaries, permeated Aristotle’s Ethics, and became the main substance of philosophy in the long epoch from the reign of Alexander the Great to the fall of the Roman Empire. But, especially in the Roman period, in Epictetus, Seneca, and others, the ethical element...
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But Dewey regarded this reworking as a social and communal process proceeding in the light of values that are not (as with Peirce) connected specifically to science (viz. prediction and experimental control), but rather values that are more broadly rooted in the psychic disposi- tion of ordinary people at large—the moral and aesthetic dimension now being specifically included. Bradley objected...
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(3) The word is some- times used in the German manner as a noun, for a set of problems or a way of seeing problems. Whitehead made much use of the notion of a process, and ‘process theology’ grew out of his work. On the whole, however, modern metaphysics has rather dropped the notion of a process in favour of...
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the right to enforce the morality prevailing within it, irre- spective of the critical soundness of that morality, for the sake of preserving social cohesion. Contemporary defenders of morals legislation typically eschew Devlin’s approach in favour of the traditional jus- tification of morals legislation under which its primary purpose is not social cohesion per se, but, rather, the pro- tection...
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British philosopher, based in Oxford and member of the House of Lords, who has writ- ten on political philosophy, ethics and metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and a variety of historical figures. We humans belong to the species Homo sapiens. Early biologists of the modern era, notably the French naturalist Buffon, assumed that this is true of humans, and they...
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Realism 3: There are tokens independent of the mental in that they might have existed and have been of their respect- ive types even had there been nothing mental.. Realism 4: The world of common-sense reality exists as it is thought to exist by at least the main lines of common sense, and this it does largely independently of the...
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of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not.’. We need only ask whether the claim that ‘X is true for me’ is itself merely true for me (and so on) to realize that what merit there may have been in the original relativization attached not to the truth-predicate, but to something in the...
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and the ‘fine tuning’ witnessed to by recent cosmology has ini- tiated a new phase in the dialogue between science and religion.. Finally, the theories of *meaning on which philosoph- ical scepticism in the mid-twentieth century heavily relied have been displaced by more complex accounts. religion, history of the philosophy of. religion, prob- lems of the philosophy of.. For example:...
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There are five main elements here: first, the subject (A) of the right, the right-holder. second, the nature of the right. third, the object (X) of the right. fourth, the respondent (B) of the right, the duty-bearer. fifth, the justifying ground (Y) of the right.. First, although rights are correla- tive with duties, rights are not redundant because their objects...
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work of the émigrés, the emergence of Russian post- modernism, and attempts to blend analytic philosophy with phenomenology and hermeneutics. 1930), the journal negoti- ated the collapse of the old order to become a forum for many new developments and for the introduction of hitherto neglected fields, such as bioethics and philosophy of ecology. As well as spotlighting the work...
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it is our acting, which lies at the bottom of the language game’ (para. These certainties are man- ifested in the ways in which we react to evidence and to hypotheses, in our activities and our instinctive responses to the world. They are not expressed in conscious assent to propositions or in the search for evidence to support them. When...
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‘For us physi- cists’, wrote Einstein, almost repeating Parmenides, ‘the distinction between past, present and future has no other meaning than that of an illusion, though a tenacious one.’. With the exception of phys- icians like Alcmaeon of Croton, who wrote a medical textbook and who lived, probably, in the early fifth cen- tury bc , they became professionals only...
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emphasis he places on *consciousness as an intrinsic fea- ture of the mind, put him at odds with behaviouristic, functional, and other materialistic theories of mind. The Rediscovery of the Mind (Cambridge, Mass., 1992).. In his later writings, Wittgenstein showed an interest in the phenomenon to which the Gestalt psycholo- gists had drawn attention, of seeing (or hearing, or. More...
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In that case, to take something as a sign of something else is to use it to infer the presence of the other thing. This is the use of nat- ural signs, but we can of course invent signs or signals: in heraldry specified emblems indicate the identity of the person wearing them. With symbols we enter a different domain...
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This explores the social causes of the formation and diffusion of beliefs. Socrates is one of the most significant yet most enig- matic figures in the history of philosophy: significant because his relation to Plato was crucial to the develop- ment of the latter, and thus indirectly to the development. Assuming the truth of the generally (though not universally) accepted...
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After certain initial moves Spinoza proves propos- ition 5, ‘In the universe there cannot be two or more sub- stances of the same nature or attribute’, by considering what could possibly distinguish two such substances. In the case of that which could only exist as the modification of something else, the case is different, for the conception of it may...