Có 260+ tài liệu thuộc chủ đề "tiểu luận triết học"
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*law, history of the philosophy of. feminist philosophy of law. law, problems of the philosophy of. without an understanding of the ways law’s characteristic features themselves (even when being unjustly manipu- lated) manifest a critical evaluation of, and value-affirming constructive response to, the sorts of injustice or other lesion of human good which are inherent in lawlessness?. Using the conventional...
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the clarity of the relevant perceptions of the apparent causal agent, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the clarity of the relevant perceptions of the entity appar- ently acted upon.. In the following passage from another letter to de Volder, Leibniz formulated the distinction between actual and ideal entities:. Actual things are composed in the manner that a number is...
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Another version of the question focuses not on our indi- vidual lives but on the whole scheme of things: what is the point of it all? An implication of this, in the spirit if not in the letter, seems to be that without some overall purpose in things all our own projects are somehow worthless or doomed to frustration. how,...
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The more influential authors include Cicero, Porphyry, and Boethius in the later Roman Empire. and al- Fa¯ra¯bı¯, Avicenna, and Averroës in the Arab world.. The next major logician known to us is an innovator of the first rank: Peter Abelard, who worked in the early twelfth century. (*Rele- vance logic.) The failure of his criteria led later logicians to reject...
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–p), ‘It is not the case that both p and not p’. –Fx) ‘For any x, it is not the case that x is F and x is not F’. –p → p, ‘If not not p then p’, and p. –p, ‘If p then not not p’. Aristotle’s informal statements of the law of non-contradiction include: ‘For the same...
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In his comprehensive study of *causality, which draws extensively on historical sources, Mackie distinguishes an analysis of causation ‘as it is in the objects’ from an analy- sis of our ordinary concept of causation, offering a regu- larity analysis for the former, and a *counterfactual analysis for the latter, supplementing each with an account of the direction of causation. His...
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Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism (London, 1981).. It is, nevertheless, clear that Marx and his followers appropriated much of the philosophy of (at least) Aristotle, the *materialism of the *Enlightenment, and Hegelian dialectics. It is equally clear that when Marx talked of the abolition of philoso- phy, he meant that, in so...
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If mathematical objects exist independently of the mathematician, then there is no impediment to a straightforward model- theoretic semantics, which would presumably render assertions true or false objectively.. Each of the four possible positions is articulated and defended by established and influential philosophers of mathematics. Typical forms of realism-in-ontology nicely account for the necessity of mathematics and give impetus to...
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avicenna is the Latinized name by which the Persian Ibn Sina is known in the West. he was the most brilliant of the Islamic Aristotelians and a leading figure in the vigorous debate which accompanied the development of Islamic philosophy and theology in the fifth century after Muhammad.. thomas aquinas, born and educated in southern Italy, became the greatest teacher...
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One interesting recent contribution in a philosophical debate that goes back to Aristotle is Donald Davidson’s rejection of the idea that there is a special sort of *meaning which metaphors have, over and above the literal mean- ing. A cur- sory glance shows just how much of the language of mind is metaphorical in origin. In recent decades, philosophers have,...
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But he redesigned the liberal edifice built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For these he was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learned much of the historical sociology which was so important to his liberalism from Frenchmen. but it was to German romanticism, via his Coleridgean friends, that he owes his deepest ethical...
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body problem, encounters serious difficulties with the causal closure of the physical: if the physical domain is. Wittgenstein asked: ‘What makes my image of him into an image of him?’ Many mental states, including thoughts, beliefs, and desires, are ‘intentional’ in Brentano’s sense—that is, they are ‘about’ or ‘directed upon’ an object. Moreover, we seem to be able to have...
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What then was seriously, genuinely prob- lematic? Moore’s answer—hugely influential for most of the twentieth century—was: the analysis of propositions.. He held that the analysis of these must always bring in the very puzzling items he called. *‘sense-data’—the proposition is really about a sense- datum that one has, and the problem is how in the analy- sis the relation between...
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Subjectivists, by contrast, deflated ethics by treating moral and evaluative claims as mere descriptions of the emotions or preferences of speak- ers—‘this is good’ being equivalent in meaning to ‘I like (or prefer) this’. Given the apparent wide- spread disagreement about ethical (and other) values that has existed between different societies and different epochs of the same society, there is...
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‘natural’ or ‘naturalistic’ in philosophy. Roughly it refers to what cannot be studied by the methods of the natural sciences, or defined in terms appropriate to them, and is applied to subject-matters that are essentially abstract, or outside space and time. A formula representing one of the premisses of a deduction can be introduced at any stage. The use of...
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Reale, The Schools of the Imperial Age, tr. Richard Rorty, ‘The World Well Lost’, in Consequences of Pragma- tism (Essays Minneapolis, 1982).. The letter urges Catholic philosophers to demonstrate the existence and attributes of *God and to combat the speculative and practical errors of modern philosophy by reappropriating the teachings of the major Christian writers from the European Middle Ages....
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Central to Nishida’s thinking are the ideas of the ‘topos of nothingness’ and of the world as the ‘self-identity of absolute contradictories’. Deeply influenced by such Western figures as Meister Eckhart, Dostoevsky, Niet- zsche, and Heidegger, and yet firmly rooted in the Chinese and Japanese *Zen traditions, Nishitani was the major figure of the ‘second generation’ Kyoto School and a...
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A line of argument which appears to appeal to no contingent fact at all, but only to an analysis of the concept of God. Sometimes an intermediate step is the argu- ment that if it is possible for this concept to be instantiated then it is instantiated, and this concept is obviously possible.. As a corollary it is often held...
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His response to those troubled by paradox may be like that of the psych- iatrist easing a patient’s distress not by answering his ques- tions, but by changing his attitude towards them.. This conflict over the very identity and nature of the conflict illustrates how, in a paradox case, we may encounter considerable difficulty in achieving agreement about the correct...
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One important issue about the performing arts con- cerns the matter of the authenticity of performances, usu- ally construed as something more than mere correctness, and covering matters such as conformity to the intentions of artists, to antecedent performing traditions, or to the historical contexts of creation of works. Paul Thom, For an Audience: A Philosophy of the Performing Arts...