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II.4.9 Salicylic acid. Salicylic acid ( >. Since such products containing salicylic acid are easily obtainable, salicylic acid poisoning ( salicylism) cases are relatively many especially for infants not older than 5 years. For analysis of salicylic acid, HPLC methods were reported [2–7]. In this chapter, a method for HPLC analysis of salicylic acid in serum specimens is presented [3].....
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4.10 4.10. II.4.10 β-Lactam antibiotics. Th ese cases are usually handled as medical accidents ( malpractice), and subjected to autopsies and analysis of the drugs used.. Table 10.1) and penicillins ( >. Table 10.2), which are naturally occurring or semi-synthetic. HPLC-UV analysis of penicillin antibiotics [1]. Acetonitrile is of HPLC grade, and water is purifi ed with a Milli-RO/Q water...
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II.5.1 Hypochlorite. Hypochlorite a ( HClO) is a weak acid, which exerts oxidative action. it is being widely used in the salt forms for bleaching and other purposes. Sodium hypochlorite ( NaClO) aqueous solu- tion is usually used as a disinfectant, bleaching agent, fungicide and ink eraser, and is thus usually included in detergents for laundry. Calcium hypochlorite [ Ca(ClO)...
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II.5.2 Benzalkonium chlorides. Surfactants can be classifi ed into cationic, anionic and nonionic ones. Benzalkonium chlorides are cationic surfectants and being widely used as a disinfectant and germicide using their strong protein-denaturing action. Especially in hospitals, 10 % solution of benzalkonium chlo- ride mixture is being usually used. Fatal benzalkonium chloride poisoning cases, in which the 10 % solution had...
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II.5.3 Hair dyes. Nowadays, numerous kinds of hair dyes are being commercially available. Hair dyes are classi- fi ed into “reactive hair dyes” with high toxicity and into “adhering hair dyes” with lower toxic- ity. Th e reactive hair dyes form a polymerized dye by oxidative reactions inside hair, while the adhering hair dyes only adhere to the outer surface...
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On the basis of clarifi cation of chemical structures of the eff ective components of the pyre- thrum, many of new synthetic pyrethroids were developed. Th ey count about 1/3 of the total insecti- cides, and are even increasing at the present time.. Figure 4.1) [3-phenoxybenzyl(1RS)-cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate] is one of the pyrethroids with the lowest toxicities and being used...
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II.5.5 Boric acid. Boric acid and borax ( sodium tetraborate) had been widely used as antiseptics (preservatives) and/or ethical drugs. Nowadays, they are being permitted to be used only for washing or disinfection of the eye as ethical drugs. In recent year, boric acid has been widely used as a household insecticide especially for cockroaches (called “ boric acid ball....
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Since one package of the compound usually contains as much as 1.8–5 g of naphthalene, the accidental ingestion of such a product by a small infant may cause fatality. However, recently, p-dichlorobenzene products, to be dealt with in the next chapter, have become more popular as a moth repellant.. Naphthalene exists in the form of colorless crystals at room temperature,...
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Th e weight of p-dichlorobenzene being sold as a moth repellant is about 4 g;. the crystal mass of the same compound being used for a toilet mothball ranges from 40 to 200 g. in this chapter, a method for headspace GC/MS analysis of p-dichlorobenzene is presented utilizing the vola- tile property.. p-Dichlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene-d 4 (product No. Other common...
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II.5.8 Ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol is being widely used as solvents, lubricants and surfactants in industries. As toxic actions of ethylene glycol, suppression of central nervous system activities similar to that of alcohol and metabolic acidosis caused by glycolic acid produced from ethylene glycol can be mentioned. For analysis of ethylene glycol, methods by GC [5–8], GC/MS [9–11] and HPLC...
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this group is one of the most poisonous com- pounds being contained in the plant kingdom.. Th ese may be due to ac- cidental, suicidal or homicidal ingestion of the plant itself or its extracts.. In this chapter, a specifi c method for GC/MS analysis of AAs in human specimens is pre- sented.. Structures of Aconitum alkaloids (AAs).. GC/MS conditions....
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As many as mushroom species are growing in the world. In this chapter, the characteristics of the representative toxic mushrooms and some chemical methods for their toxins are presented.. According to “National Record of Food Poisoning Incidents” [1], the number of mushroom poisoning incidents taking place in Japan in 1974–1997 was 1,068. Amanita virosa plus Amanita verna, 16. Others which...
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Figure 3.1) and its mechanisms of action have been being clarifi ed [1,2]. Figure 3.1), their presence, toxicokinetics and toxicities especially in human puff er fi sh poisoning cases have not been studied. In this chapter, the methods of analysis of tetrodotoxin in human specimens by GC/MS and HPLC are described [3].. Structures of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogs.. GC/MS...
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Th e structures of the methylxanthine derivatives/ xanthine derivatives including the above natural alkaloids together with synthetic ones are shown in >. Caff eine mildly stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), awakens people, relieves them from general fatigue and activates mental activities. Caff eine becomes problematic, when it is mixed in large amounts with an abused drug as an adulterant....
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II.6.5 Nicotine and cotinine. Nicotine is a main water-soluble alkaloid being contained in the tobacco plant ( Nicotiana taba- cum), which acts as an inducing compound for smoking-dependence. Twelve kinds of nicotine metabolites are known in rats [1]. Among them, cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine;. the half-life (T 1/2 ) of cotinine is much longer (10–20 h) than...
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II.6.6 Tropane alkaloids. and contains tropane alkaloids ( belladonna alkaloids), such as atropine b ( dl-hyoscyamine) and hyoscine ( dl-scopo- lamine), in its seeds and every part of the plant. Louis, MO, USA) is dissolved in 1 mL aceto- nitrile.. A 1-mg aliquot of l-scopolamine (Sigma) is dissolved in 1 mL acetonitrile.. A 1-mg aliquot of atropine-d 3 (Sigma) is...
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In this chapter, a method for LC/MS analysis of oleandrin and its metabolite desacetylole- andrin [9] together with their related compounds, such as oleandrigenin and gitoxigenin, con- tained in human specimens, is presented.. Th e structures and their molecular weights of oleandrin and its related compounds are shown in >. Structures and molecular weights of oleandrin and its related compounds.....
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II.7.1 Simultaneous analysis of pesticides by GC/MS. Since sensitive and simultaneous analysis of multiple compounds is possible using GC/MS, the method is being widely used for analysis of pesticides for environmental specimens, such as water and soil [3–6]. In this chapter, among main pesticides which had been reported caus- ative for poisoning cases [7], more than 30 kinds of pesticides...
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II.7.2 Organophosphorus pesticides. Organophosphorus pesticides ( organophosphate pesticides) are being most widely used as insecticides, and thus cause poisoning cases frequently. Th e organophosphorus pesticides at the early stage, such as parathion and TEPP, had powerful insecticidal eff ects and high toxicity for both humans and beasts, and caused poisoning accidents during spraying. Although many less toxic organophosphorus pesticides were...
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In Japan, there are many kinds of products containing GLUF and GLYP com- mercially available, and the number of suicidal cases using them is increasing [1].. when more than 100 mL of BASTA Fluid ® (GLUF, 18.5. blue- green in color) is ingested, the physical conditions of the victim are seriously aggravated with high incidence [2]. Respiratory controls, such as...